Central Nervous System Disorders and Therapeutics

Cognitive neuroscience is the scientific field that is concerned with the study of the biological processes and aspects that underlie cognition, with a specific focus on the neural connections in the brain which are involved in mental processes. It addresses the questions of how cognitive activities are affected or controlled by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both neuroscience and psychology, overlapping with disciplines such as behavioural neuroscience, cognitive psychology, physiological psychology and affective neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neurobiology, and computational modelling.

• Neurocognitive
• Cognition Psychology
• Evolution and Social Cognition
• Cognitive Development
• Methods of cognitive Neuroscience
• Neurobehavioral and Cognitive Disorders
• Cognitive Genomics & Behavioural Genetics
• Cognitive Rehabilitation Therapy

Most people think of neurosurgery as brain surgery — but it is much more!

It is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of patients with injury to, or diseases/disorders of the brain, spinal cord and spinal column, and peripheral nerves within all parts of the body. The specialty of neurosurgical care includes both adult and paediatric patients. Dependent upon the nature of the injury or disease a neurological surgeon may provide surgical and/or non-surgical care.

• Post-Surgical Neuralgias
• Tumour and Metastatis
• Current Neurosurgery Methods
• Vascular Malfunctions and Surgery
• Anatomical and Functional Neural Circuits
• Neurosurgery Diagnostic Tests
• Neuropathology

Your brain is your body’s control centre. It’s part of the nervous system, which also includes the spinal cord and a large network of nerves and neurons. Together, the nervous system controls everything from your senses to the muscles throughout your body. When your brain is damaged, it can affect many different things, including your memory, your sensation, and even your personality. Brain disorders include any conditions or disabilities that affect your brain. This includes conditions that are caused by:

• Illness
• Genetics
• Traumatic injury

These disorders include epilepsy, Alzheimer disease and other dementias, cerebrovascular diseases including stroke, migraine and other headache disorders, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, neuro infections, brain tumours, traumatic disorders of the nervous system due to head trauma

• Cerebral Hemorrhage
• Hypertension
• Cerebral Embolism
• Cerebral Aneurysm
• Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack
• Vascular Malformation
• Risk factors for Cerebrovascular Diseases
• Epidemiology of Cerebrovascular Diseases
• Technological Advances in Vascular Surgery

Diagnosing a brain tumour usually begins with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Once MRI shows that there is a tumour in the brain, the most common way to determine the type of brain tumour is to look at the results from a sample of tissue after a biopsy or surgery.

• Neurology of Brain
• Neuroimaging Software
• Neuroradiology
• Brain Imaging Techniques
• Structural & Functional Imaging
• Invasive and Non-Invasive Imaging of Tumour
• Radiation & Chemotherapy
• Pathophysiology of Brain Tumours
• Neurobiology of Tumours
• Novel Treatment Strategies

Spinal cord disorders can cause permanent severe problems, such as paralysis or impaired bladder and bowel control (urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence). Sometimes these problems can be avoided or minimized if evaluation and treatment are done quickly. Causes of spinal cord disorders include injuries, infections, a blocked blood supply, and compression by a fractured bone or a tumour. Typically, muscles are weak or paralyzed, sensation is abnormal or lost, and controlling bladder and bowel function may be difficult. Doctors base the diagnosis on symptoms and results of a physical examination and imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging.

• Arachnoiditis
• Spinal Disorders Test
• Spine Tumours
• Transverse Myelitis
• Syringomyelia
• Spina Bifida
• Spinal stroke
• Scoliosis Spine
• Sciatica
• Spinal Stenosis
• Cauda Equina Syndrome
• Therapeutic Approaches for Spinal Disorders

Neurodegenerative disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that result from progressive damage to cells and nervous system connections that are essential for mobility, coordination, strength, sensation, and cognition. Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. Although there isn’t a complete cure for most of these complex neurological diseases

• Alzheimer Disease
• Neuroinflammation Diseases
• Werdnig-Hoffmann Disease
• Prion disease
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disease
• Migraine and Headaches
• Autism
• Schizophrenia
• Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
• Multiple Sclerosis Disease
• Parkinsonism
• Huntington Disease

Child neurology, also known as paediatric neurology, specializes in the diagnosis and management of neurologic conditions during the neonatal period, infancy, early childhood, and adolescence. Child neurologists have special competence in the genetic and metabolic problems, malformations, and developmental problems of childhood, including epilepsy, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, mental retardation, autism, Tourette's syndrome, Batten's disease, neurofibromatosis, learning disabilities, complex metabolic disorders, and a host of nerve and muscle diseases. Child neurologists act as consultants to primary care physicians as well as provide continuing care for chronic neurological conditions. Like other paediatric specialties, it is a specialty that requires the ability to work with patients who may have limited or non- existent verbal skills.

• Congenital Hydrocephalus
• Clinical Trials for Paediatric Epilepsy
• Paediatric Neurology Practice
• Paediatric Vestibular Disorders
• Paediatrics Tumours
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Neural Rube Defects
• Hereditary Ataxy
• Neonatal Encephalopathy
• Advance treatment of Paediatric Neurological Disorders

Neuroimmunology is a field combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system. Neuroimmunologists seek to better understand the interactions of these two complex systems during development, homeostasis, and response to injuries.

• Epigenetics of Neuroimmunology
• Paediatric Neuro-immunology
• Neuroimmuno Genetics
• Neurodevelopmental Diseases and Thermogenesis
• Autoimmune Neuropathies
• Antibody-mediated Disorders
• Neuroimmunology Test
• Psychoneuroimmunology
• Neuromics, Neuroproteomics, Neurogenomics and Human Brain Proteome

Neuropharmacology is a branch of study which deals with drugs that affect the nervous system. It is focused on the development of compounds that may be of benefit to individuals who suffer from neurological or psychiatric illness. Neuropharmacology itself came into existence only five decades ago, prior to which there were only four drugs available for nerve disorders: morphine, caffeine, nitrous oxide, and aspirin. In the next 50 years, a new set of drugs such as antihistamines, barbiturates, and opioid analogs have emerged.

• Molecular and Behavioural Neuropharmacology
• Neuroethics
• Available Therapeutics
• Neural Circuits Regulating Appetite
• Clinical Pharmacists
• Surgical Aggression and Anesthesia
• Physical Therapy
• Antipsychotic drugs/ Neuroleptics
• Clinical Neuropharmacology
• Future Aspects of Neuropharmacology

Regardless of the type of neuron under consideration, the fundamental steps in chemical transmission are the same. Each of these steps is a potential site for pharmacological intervention in the normal transmission process:

1. Synthesis of the transmitter

2. Storage of the transmitter

3. Release of the transmitter by a nerve action potential

4. Interaction of the released transmitter with receptors on the effector cell membrane and the associated change in the effector cell

5. Rapid removal of the transmitter from the vicinity of the receptors

6. Recovery of the effector cell to the state that preceded transmitter action

• Dopamine
• Interneurons: Coordinators of Neuronal Synchrony
• Advances in Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions in Health and Disease
• Neurotransmission Receptors
• Chemical Neurotransmitters
• Human Synapses
• Monoamines
• Neuropeptides
• Serotonin
• Drug interaction in Various Stages in Neurotransmitters

The Novel Drug Discovery Program focuses on activity guided isolation and structure elucidation of bioactive compounds from natural sources with high throughput screening. The program includes synthesis of bioactive compounds, analogues and internal standards for further drug development and bioavailability studies. Novel therapies are therapies entirely new to veterinary medicine either because they are genuinely novel and have not been previously used in the context of a medicine, or new only to the veterinary domain, although well known in terms of research, and possibly in the context of human medicine.

• Anti-Neurodegenerative Drug Discovery
• Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers
• Role of Drug Metabolism in Drug Development
• Enzyme Kinetics
• Metabolism Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions
• Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
• Centrally Acting Analgesics
• Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and Neuroreceptors
• Neural Stem Cells and Gene or Cell Therapy
• Ion Channels, Transporters and Neurotransmitter Receptors
• Neurological Drug Targets

Computational neuroscience (also known as theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematical models, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system. Computational neuroscience involves studying brain function through computer modeling and mathematical analysis. Computational neuroscientists perform research in which they collect data and create computer models based on the electrical patterns and biological functions of the brain.

• Neuroinformatics
• Neural Science and Behaviour
• Computational Drug Response Models
• Neural Network Theory & Models
• Neural Network Applications
• Neuro Engineering

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull (the cranial cavity) and the spinal cord travels from the back of the brain, down the centre of the spine, stopping in the lumbar region of the lower back. The brain and spinal cord are both housed within a protective triple-layered membrane called the meninges. The central nervous system has been thoroughly studied by anatomists and physiologists, but it still holds many secrets; it controls our thoughts, movements, emotions, and desires. It also controls our breathing, heart rate, the release of some hormones, body temperature, and much more. The retina, optic nerve, olfactory nerves, and olfactory epithelium are sometimes considered to be part of the CNS alongside the brain and spinal cord. This is because they connect directly with brain tissue without intermediate nerve fibres.

• Case Studies Related to CNS Disorders
• Case Studies on Child Neurology
• Case Studies on Neuroimmunology
• Case Studies on Neuro-Oncology
• Case Reports on Brain Tumour
• Case Studies on Cerebrovascular Disorders
• Case Reports Related to Neuroimmunology Diseases

CNS clinical trials bring specific challenges, including managing placebo response, incorporating soft endpoints, and require a particular focus on reducing patient burden. Unsurprisingly this had led to a challenging of accepted and established norms by CNS drug developers.

• Alzheimer’s Disease and Cognition Clinical Trial
• Neurology Clinical Trial
• Pain Management and Analgesia Clinical Trial
• Psychiatry Clinical Trial

Biomarkers provide detailed measures of abnormal changes in the brain, which can aid in early detection of possible disease in people with very mild or unusual symptoms. People with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias progress at different rates, and biomarkers may help predict and monitor their progression.

• Neuroimaging Enrichment for CNS Disease
• CNS Drug Development Using Biomarkers
• Cerebro Spinal Fluid Biomarkers
• Biomarker Challenges in Rare Diseases

Neuroscience nurses care for people with a variety of neurological conditions and disorders across the lifespan and in all health care settings. There are many specialities encompassed within this field of practice. Most people with long-term neurological conditions live active and fulfilling lives and are cared for out of hospital, but may require admission to hospital for reasons that may or may not be related to their disorder. Many people will be supported by a specialist nurse and nursing team during their hospital stay.

• Advance Practice Nursing
• Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients
• Paediatrics Nursing
• Neuroscience Nursing
• Trauma & Critical Care Nursing

MOG antibody disease (MOGAD) is a recently coined neuro-inflammatory condition that preferentially causes inflammation in the optic nerve but can also cause inflammation in the spinal cord and brain. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a protein that is located on the surface of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system. While the function of this glycoprotein is not exactly known, MOG is a target of the immune system in this disease. The diagnosis is confirmed when MOG antibodies in the blood are found in patients who have repeated inflammatory attacks of the central nervous system.

• Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD)
• Transverse Myelitis (TM)
• Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
• Optic Neuritis (ON)

Neuro-oncology is a unique, developing neurologic subspecialty that combines many aspects of neurology with those of cancer biology. The neuro-oncologist is expert in both the diagnosis and management of primary brain tumors and neurologic complications of cancer. A career in neuro-oncology presents opportunities to utilize a multidisciplinary team approach and the application of cutting-edge technology toward patient treatment while providing compassionate patient care. Neuro-oncology can trace its modern origins to the 1970s, when the first therapeutic trials were begun. The treatment and management of primary brain Tumors is now a rapidly evolving field.

• Tumors
• Malignant brain cancers