7^th International Conference on Central Nervous System Disorders and Therapeutics April 29-30, 2022 Moscow, Russia

MOG antibody disease (MOGAD) is a recently coined neuro-inflammatory condition that preferentially causes inflammation in the optic nerve but can also cause inflammation in the spinal cord and brain. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is a protein that is located on the surface of myelin sheaths in the central nervous system. While the function of this glycoprotein is not exactly known, MOG is a target of the immune system in this disease. The diagnosis is confirmed when MOG antibodies in the blood are found in patients who have repeated inflammatory attacks of the central nervous system.

Neuroscience nurses care for people with a variety of neurological conditions and disorders across the lifespan and in all health care settings. There are many specialities encompassed within this field of practice. Most people with long-term neurological conditions live active and fulfilling lives and are cared for out of hospital, but may require admission to hospital for reasons that may or may not be related to their disorder. Many people will be supported by a specialist nurse and nursing team during their hospital stay.

Biomarkers provide detailed measures of abnormal changes in the brain, which can aid in early detection of possible disease in people with very mild or unusual symptoms. People with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias progress at different rates, and biomarkers may help predict and monitor their progression.

CNS clinical trials bring specific challenges, including managing placebo response, incorporating soft endpoints, and require a particular focus on reducing patient burden. Unsurprisingly this had led to a challenging of accepted and established norms by CNS drug developers.

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull (the cranial cavity) and the spinal cord travels from the back of the brain, down the centre of the spine, stopping in the lumbar region of the lower back. The brain and spinal cord are both housed within a protective triple-layered membrane called the meninges. The central nervous system has been thoroughly studied by anatomists and physiologists, but it still holds many secrets; it controls our thoughts, movements, emotions, and desires. It also controls our breathing, heart rate, the release of some hormones, body temperature, and much more. The retina, optic nerve, olfactory nerves, and olfactory epithelium are sometimes considered to be part of the CNS alongside the brain and spinal cord. This is because they connect directly with brain tissue without intermediate nerve fibres.

Computational neuroscience (also known as theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematical models, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology and cognitive abilities of the nervous system. Computational neuroscience involves studying brain function through computer modeling and mathematical analysis. Computational neuroscientists perform research in which they collect data and create computer models based on the electrical patterns and biological functions of the brain.

The Novel Drug Discovery Program focuses on activity guided isolation and structure elucidation of bioactive compounds from natural sources with high throughput screening. The program includes synthesis of bioactive compounds, analogues and internal standards for further drug development and bioavailability studies. Novel therapies are therapies entirely new to veterinary medicine either because they are genuinely novel and have not been previously used in the context of a medicine, or new only to the veterinary domain, although well known in terms of research, and possibly in the context of human medicine.

Regardless of the type of neuron under consideration, the fundamental steps in chemical transmission are the same. Each of these steps is a potential site for pharmacological intervention in the normal transmission process:

1. Synthesis of the transmitter

2. Storage of the transmitter

3. Release of the transmitter by a nerve action potential

4. Interaction of the released transmitter with receptors on the effector cell membrane and the associated change in the effector cell

5. Rapid removal of the transmitter from the vicinity of the receptors

6. Recovery of the effector cell to the state that preceded transmitter action

Neuropharmacology is a branch of study which deals with drugs that affect the nervous system. It is focused on the development of compounds that may be of benefit to individuals who suffer from neurological or psychiatric illness. Neuropharmacology itself came into existence only five decades ago, prior to which there were only four drugs available for nerve disorders: morphine, caffeine, nitrous oxide, and aspirin. In the next 50 years, a new set of drugs such as antihistamines, barbiturates, and opioid analogs have emerged

Neuroimmunology is a field combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system. Neuroimmunologists seek to better understand the interactions of these two complex systems during development, homeostasis, and response to injuries.

Child neurology, also known as paediatric neurology, specializes in the diagnosis and management of neurologic conditions during the neonatal period, infancy, early childhood, and adolescence. Child neurologists have special competence in the genetic and metabolic problems, malformations, and developmental problems of childhood, including epilepsy, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, mental retardation, autism, Tourette's syndrome, Batten's disease, neurofibromatosis, learning disabilities, complex metabolic disorders, and a host of nerve and muscle diseases. Child neurologists act as consultants to primary care physicians as well as provide continuing care for chronic neurological conditions. Like other paediatric specialties, it is a specialty that requires the ability to work with patients who may have limited or non- existent verbal skills.

Neurodegenerative disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that result from progressive damage to cells and nervous system connections that are essential for mobility, coordination, strength, sensation, and cognition. Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide. Although there isn’t a complete cure for most of these complex neurological diseases

Spinal cord disorders can cause permanent severe problems, such as paralysis or impaired bladder and bowel control (urinary incontinence and fecal incontinence). Sometimes these problems can be avoided or minimized if evaluation and treatment are done quickly. Causes of spinal cord disorders include injuries, infections, a blocked blood supply, and compression by a fractured bone or a tumour. Typically, muscles are weak or paralyzed, sensation is abnormal or lost, and controlling bladder and bowel function may be difficult. Doctors base the diagnosis on symptoms and results of a physical examination and imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging.

Diagnosing a brain tumour usually begins with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Once MRI shows that there is a tumour in the brain, the most common way to determine the type of brain tumour is to look at the results from a sample of tissue after a biopsy or surgery.

Your brain is your body’s control centre. It’s part of the nervous system, which also includes the spinal cord and a large network of nerves and neurons. Together, the nervous system controls everything from your senses to the muscles throughout your body. When your brain is damaged, it can affect many different things, including your memory, your sensation, and even your personality. Brain disorders include any conditions or disabilities that affect your brain. This includes conditions that are caused by:

• illness
• genetics
• traumatic injury

These disorders include epilepsy, Alzheimer disease and other dementias, cerebrovascular diseases including stroke, migraine and other headache disorders, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, neuro infections, brain tumours, traumatic disorders of the nervous system due to head trauma

Most people think of neurosurgery as brain surgery — but it is much more!

It is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of patients with injury to, or diseases/disorders of the brain, spinal cord and spinal column, and peripheral nerves within all parts of the body. The specialty of neurosurgical care includes both adult and paediatric patients. Dependent upon the nature of the injury or disease a neurological surgeon may provide surgical and/or non-surgical care.

Central nervous system diseases, also known as central nervous system disorders, are a group of neurological disorders that affect the structure or function of the brain or spinal cord, which collectively form the central nervous system (CNS)

Neuro-oncology is a unique, developing neurologic subspecialty that combines many aspects of neurology with those of cancer biology. The neuro-oncologist is expert in both the diagnosis and management of primary brain tumors and neurologic complications of cancer. A career in neuro-oncology presents opportunities to utilize a multidisciplinary team approach and the application of cutting-edge technology toward patient treatment while providing compassionate patient care. Neuro-oncology can trace its modern origins to the 1970s, when the first therapeutic trials were begun. The treatment and management of primary brain Tumors is now a rapidly evolving field.